UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 000-54878

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transaction period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting fi rm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was $738,451 computed by reference to the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as quoted on the OTCQB maintained by OTC Markets, Inc. on December 30, 2022 (which was $0.60 per share), based on 1,245,700 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”) outstanding on such date. For purposes of the above statement only, all directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders are assumed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other purpose.

As of September 27, 2023, there were 14,833,210 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference: None

PROPANC BIOPHARMA, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including: any projections of earnings, revenues or other financial items; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements concerning proposed new products, services or developments; any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance; any statements of belief; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Forward-looking statements may include the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “will likely result,” “would,” “should,” “estimate,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “continue,” “target” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. The ultimate correctness of these forward-looking statements is dependent upon a number of known and unknown risks and events and is subject to various uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these statements.

The following important factors, among others, could affect our future results and events, causing those results and events to differ materially from those views expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements: our ability to continue as a going concern absent new debt or equity financings; our ability to successfully remediate material weaknesses in our internal controls; our ability to reach research and development milestones as planned and within proposed budgets; our ability to control costs; our ability to successfully implement our expansion strategies; our current reliance on substantial debt financing that we currently are unable to repay in cash; our ability to obtain adequate new financing; our ability to successfully develop PRP, our lead product candidate; our ability to successfully develop and market our technologies; our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection; our ability to recruit employees and directors with accounting and finance expertise; our dependence on third parties for services; our dependence on key executives; the impact of government regulations, including U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations; the impact of any future litigation; the availability of capital; changes in economic, business and competitive conditions; and other risks. Any one or more of such risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on us or the value of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”).

All forward-looking statements included in this Form-10-K are made only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or as of the date indicated. We do not undertake any obligation to, and may not, publicly update or correct any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that subsequently occur or which we hereafter become aware of, except as required by law. New risks and uncertainties arise from time to time and we cannot predict these events or how they may affect us. When considering these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, you should keep in mind the cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any documents incorporated herein by reference. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents that we incorporate by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

PART I

Item 1. Business

General

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to the “Company,” “Propanc,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Propanc Biopharma, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, unless otherwise indicated. In addition, references to our “financial statements” are to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K except as the context otherwise requires.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in United States dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles as applied in the United States, (“U.S. GAAP”). In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “$” and “dollars” are to United States dollars.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company developing a novel approach to prevent recurrence and metastasis from solid tumors by using pancreatic proenzymes that target and eradicate cancer stem cells in patients suffering from pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal cancers. Our novel proenzyme therapy is based on the science that enzymes stimulate biological reactions in the body, especially enzymes secreted by the pancreas. These pancreatic enzymes could represent the body’s primary defense against cancer.

Our lead product candidate, PRP, is a variation upon our novel formulation and involves proenzymes, the inactive precursors of enzymes. As a result of positive early indications of the anti-cancer effects of our technology, we have conducted successful pre-clinical studies on PRP and also commenced preparation for a clinical study in advanced cancer patients. Subject to us receiving sufficient financing, we plan to begin our Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier, study proposal and Investigator’s Brochure in 2023. Our plan is to then commence our study preparation process with the contract research organization (“CRO”), analytical lab and trial site(s) selection and to begin our clinical trial application for PRP (“CTA”) compilation in the third calendar quarter of 2023 and complete the CTA compilation and submit the CTA in the second half of the 2023 calendar year. In the fourth calendar quarter of 2023, we plan to begin the preparation of logistics and trial site initiation visits. Subject to raising additional sufficient capital, we subsequently plan to commence a First-In-Human (“FIH”), Phase Ib study in patients with advanced solid tumors, evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor efficacy of PRP in the first half of the 2024 calendar year, which study we hope to complete within twelve months thereafter. We intend to develop our PRP to treat early-stage cancer and pre-cancerous diseases and as a preventative measure for patients at risk of developing cancer based on genetic screening.

PRP is an intravenous injection proenzyme treatment designed as a therapeutic option in cancer treatment and prevention. PRP is a combination of the pancreatic proenzymes, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. PRP produces multiple effects on cancerous cells intended to inhibit tumor growth and potentially stop a tumor from spreading through the body.

We received notification from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in June 2017 that PRP had been conferred Orphan Drug Designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This special status is granted when a rare disease or condition is implicated, and a potential treatment qualifies under the Orphan Drug Act and applicable FDA regulations.

We received a Certificate for Advance Overseas Finding from the Board of Innovation and Science Australia to receive an up to a 43.5% “cash back” benefit from overseas research and development (“R&D”) expenses. The finding relates to the planned Phase Ib clinical trial – Multiple Ascending Dose Studies of proteolytic proenzymes for the treatment of advanced cancer patients suffering from solid tumors planned to be conducted at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia. Overseas activities to be undertaken include the development of an analytical assay for the quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”) in PRP and its manufacture of the finished product for the Phase Ib clinical trial.

Our POP1 joint research and drug discovery program (“POP1 Program”) is designed to produce a backup clinical compound to PRP. With the aim of producing large quantities of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen for commercial use, exhibiting minimal variation between lots and without sourcing the proenzymes from animals, we are undertaking a research project in collaboration with the universities of Jaén and Granada. We entered into a second two-year joint research and collaboration agreement with the University of Jaén, which is undertaking the research activities for the POP1 Program.

Our Focus

Cancer occurs when cells in the body start to divide quickly and uncontrollably with an ability to migrate from one location and spread to distant sites. A cell becomes cancerous when it becomes undifferentiated. The cell forgets to do its job and invests all its energy to proliferating. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells multiply, but do not differentiate.

Common cancer therapies take advantage of the uncontrolled proliferation of the cancer cells and kill these cells by targeting the cell division machinery. These therapies are effective but affect healthy cells as well, particularly those with a high rate of cell turnover, inducing undesirable side effects.

Our goal is to stop cancer not by targeting tumor cell death, but inducing cell differentiation. This is known as differentiation therapy. The key focus is to convince the malignant cells to stop proliferating and return to do their work as a specific cell type. Differentiation therapy does not target cell death, so healthy cells within the patient will not be compromised, unlike chemotherapeutic drugs or gamma irradiation.

Differentiation therapy induces the cancer cells into the pathway of terminal differentiation and eventual senescence (i.e., a non-proliferative state). Differentiation therapy acts not only against cancer cells, but interestingly can turn cancer stem cells (undifferentiated cells) towards completely differentiated (i.e., normal) cells.

There are natural elements within our body that could help us fight against cancer. Enzymes are natural proteins that stimulate and accelerate biological reactions in the body. Particularly, enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas that are essential for the digestion of proteins and fats. More than one hundred years ago, Professor John Beard first proposed that pancreatic enzymes represent the body’s primary defense against cancer and would be useful as a cancer treatment. Since then, several scientists have endorsed Professor Beard´s hypothesis with encouraging data from patient treatment.

We are developing a long-term therapy based on a pancreatic proenzyme formulation to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis, the main cause of patient death from cancer. PRP is a novel, patented, formulation consisting of two proenzymes mixed in a synergetic ratio.

After extensive laboratory research and a limited amount of human data, we have evidence that PRP:

PRP

PRP is a mixture of two proenzymes, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen from bovine pancreas administered by intravenous injection. A synergistic ratio of 1:6 inhibits growth of most tumor cells. Examples include kidney, ovarian, breast, brain, prostate, colorectal, lung liver, uterine and skin cancers.

Mechanism Of Action

Metastasis occurs because a program inside the cell, called the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (“EMT”) is activated, which causes epithelial cancer cells to become invasive and stem cell-like, features which then allow these cancer cells to spread and metastasize. PRP reverses the conversion from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype and, as such, may reduce the metastatic potential of the tumor cells. PRP also promotes the acquisition of a less malignant phenotype, in addition to a decrease in proliferation due to lineage (i.e., direct descent) specific cellular differentiation.

Selectivity

PRP treatment affects the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (“TGFβ”) pathway, a significant tumor promoter in late-stage cancer by inducing tumor cell migration and stimulating the EMT program. The likely molecular targets are proteinase-activated-receptors (“PAR”) type 1 and 2, which are over frequently overexpressed in many types of cancers. Trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen are activated by proteases in the extracellular matrix of tumor cells. In turn, trypsin (activated trypsinogen) has a preference to activate PAR-2, whilst Chymotrypsin (activated chymotrypsinogen) mainly activates PAR-1.

Effects Against Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells are resistant to standard treatments because they remain dormant for long periods, then migrate to other organs, and trigger explosive tumor growth, causing the patient to relapse. Approximately eighty percent of cancers are from solid tumors and metastasis is the main cause of patient death. Our unique patented approach is designed to target and eradicate cancer stem cells not killed by radiation or chemotherapy.

PRP is designed to target and eradicate cancer stem cells not killed by radiation or chemotherapy. Traditional cancer therapies act on tumor replicating cells, but not cancer stem cells, so they can rebuild the tumor mass and can migrate to start a new tumor in another organ. PRP stops cancer stem cells so that a tumor loses the ability to generate new cells and therefore the tumor disappears with no option to form a metastatic tumor elsewhere.

PRP treatment regulates up to four relevant intracellular pathways related to cancer spread and metastasis of cancer stem cells. – the TGFβ, Hippo, Wnt and Notch pathways. It promotes the up-regulation of RAC1b, which avoids the hyper-activation of the p38 pathway induced by the TGFβ pathway, leading to the phosphorylation of yes-associated protein (YAP), which sequesters B-catenin in the cytoplasm, blocking the canonical Wnt pathway and inhibiting the Notch pathway. This cascade of reactions implies the disruption of the cancer stem cell phenotype and the reversal of the malignant epithelial to mesenchymal transition process that leads to tumor invasion.

PRP Impairs Niche Formation and Tumor Initiation

The proenzyme treatment inhibits the expression of genes related to the cancer stem cell phenotype, changing these malignant cells toward a more differentiated and less dangerous cellular condition. PRP interferes with the signals that the primary tumor sends to other tissues to prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Several assays, in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that PRP exerts an anti-tumor effect and acts selectively against all malignant, or tumor elements without affecting the non-tumor microenvironment and preventing its malignification.

In Vivo Efficacy of PRP In Pancreatic and Ovarian Tumors

The effect of the pro-enzyme formulation PRP at different doses on tumor weight in orthotopically implanted pancreatic and ovary tumors was evaluated. In the pancreatic tumor model, there was significant (*P < 0.05) reduction in mean tumor weight in animals treated for 26 days with trypsinogen/chymotrypsinogen at 83.3/500 mg/kg (30.2 mg; 85.9% inhibition) compared with control (PBS; 214.8 mg). Furthermore, ovary tumor-bearing mice showed a significant (*P < 0.05) reduction in mean tumor weight in animals treated for 21 days with two different doses of trypsinogen/chymotrypsinogen, 9.1/54 mg/kg and 27.5/165 mg/kg, compared with control (PBS). The mean weight of control group tumors was 2062.2 mg while the treated groups presented a mean tumor weight of 1074.2 mg and 957.3 respectively, ranging in a 50% tumor inhibition (52–46%).

Overview Of Clinical Studies

The clinical efficacy of a suppository formulation containing bovine pancreatic pro-enzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen was evaluated in the context of a UK Pharmaceuticals Special Scheme at the Dove Clinic in Hampshire, UK by Dr. Julian Kenyon, the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer, and the results were published by the Company in a peer-reviewed journal, Scientific Reports, on behalf of Dr. Kenyon. Clinical effects were studied in 46 patients with advanced metastatic cancers of different origin (prostate, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, colorectal, stomach, non-small cell lung, bowel cancer and melanoma) after treatment with a rectal formulation of both pancreatic pro-enzymes. Patients were treated daily with a rectal formulation containing 8.92 mg of each of the two pancreatic pro-enzymes and 1.78 mg α-Amylase (A) per suppository. The study was carried out under a UK “Specials” License at the Dove Clinic, Hampshire, UK for periods up to 14 months.

No severe or serious adverse events related to the rectal administration were observed. Patients did not experience any hematological side effects as typically seen with classical chemotherapy regimens. No allergic reactions after rectal administration of suppositories were observed.

In order to assess the therapeutic activity of rectal administration, overall survival of patients under treatment was compared to the life expectancy assigned to a patient prior to treatment start. 19 of 46 patients (41.3%) with advanced malignant diseases, most of them suffering from metastases, had a survival time significantly longer than expected; in fact, for the whole set of cancer types, mean survival (9.0 months) was significantly higher than mean life expectation (5.6 months). Although the number of patients per cancer indication is naturally quite low, 3 out of 8 patients with prostate cancer and 5 out of 11 patients with gastrointestinal cancers appear to particularly benefit from the treatment with the proenzyme suppositories.

PRP proves to be an in vivo effective and non-toxic anti-tumor treatment, able to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth, cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Furthermore, a suppository formulation containing both pancreatic proenzymes increased the life expectancy of advanced cancer patients. Consequently, we believe that PRP could have relevant oncological clinical applications for the treatment of solid tumors like advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma and advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

An overview of clinical results. Patients who met prognosis of life expectation (*). For the whole set of cancer types, mean survival (9.0 months) was statistically significantly higher than mean life expectation (5.6 months). One way ANOVA (analysis of variance) (α = 0.05, P < 0.05).

POP1 Joint Research And Drug Discovery Program

The POP1 Program is designed to produce a backup clinical compound to PRP, which is targeting metastatic cancer from solid tumors. According to an Emergen Research report published in January 2022, the global metastatic cancer market is projected to reach $111 billion by 2027.

To date, recombinant trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen have been synthesized and purified in the laboratory. In the case of trypsinogen, the initial success of producing trypsinogen synthetically has advanced to the stage where optimization of protein production is underway. Whereas purification and yield of chymotrypsinogen is currently the focus of research.

A synthetic version of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen could have additional benefits to the global healthcare system that could further capitalize on the new therapeutic approach to treating cancer that PRP offers to cancer sufferers. For example, both proenzymes synthesized by an in vivo (living organism) system to produce crystalized proteins that could be maintained for long periods without suffering degradation, even in the absence of refrigeration. This will be particularly useful for a longer shelf life as well as global distribution of the drug product, particularly in warmer climates and developing regions where refrigeration may not be available. The program’s joint researchers at the universities of Jaén and Granada are currently collaborating with the Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, Austria, and are working towards full scale manufacture of a synthetic recombinant formulation to PRP.

PRP Target Indications

The management of cancer differs widely, with a multitude of factors impacting the choice of treatment strategy. Some of those factors include:

For many patients with solid cancers, such as breast, ovarian, colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancer, surgery is frequently the first treatment option, often followed by first-line chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. While the hope is that such procedures are curative, in many instances the tumor returns, and second-line treatment strategies are chosen in an effort to achieve a degree of control over the tumor. In most instances, the benefit is temporary, and eventually the point is reached where the patient’s tumor either fails to respond to treatment adequately, or the treatment has unacceptable toxicity that severely limits its usefulness.

Should the planned Phase I, II and III clinical trials confirm the efficacy of PRP, along with the favorable safety and tolerability profile suggested by pre-clinical studies conducted to date, we believe our product will have utility in a number of clinical situations including:

In the near-term and as part of our planned Phase I, II and III clinical trials, we plan to target patients with solid tumors, most likely ovarian and pancreatic, for whom other treatment options have been exhausted. This is a common approach by which most new drugs for cancer are initially tested. Once efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in this patient population, exploration of the potential utility of the drug in earlier stage disease can be undertaken, together with investigation of the drug’s utility in other types of cancers, such as gastro-esophageal tumors, colon or rectal carcinoma might be conducted. A Phase II study in a back-up indication, such as advanced therapy refractant prostate cancer, will also be considered. This indication is based on positive preclinical pharmacology studies.

Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies with a median survival of less than six months and a five-year survival rate of less than 5%. The lethal nature of this disease stems from its propensity rapidly to disseminate to the lymphatic system and distant organs. This aggressive biology and resistance to conventional and targeted therapeutic agents leads to a typical clinical presentation of incurable disease at the time of diagnosis.

Pancreatic cancer has claimed notoriety over the last decades by proving to be one of the most recalcitrant solid tumors. As an indicator of its lethality, pancreatic cancer accounts for less than 3% of new cancers diagnosed annually in developed countries; yet, it is the third leading cause of cancer related mortality.

Since pancreatic cancer is an essentially fatal condition, disease duration is roughly equivalent with survival time. The median time of survival of patients with pancreatic cancer depends on the extend of disease at the time of diagnosis and ranges from 11 to 20 months for patients who qualified for surgical resection (Stage I/II), to 6-11 months for patients with locally advanced disease (Stage III), and only two to six months for patients with metastatic disease (Stage IV) (Amikura 1995, Richter 2003). Taking these low survival times into consideration, the yearly incidence rates for pancreatic cancer are considered the more relevant measure for this disease.

Each year the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data are collected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR). In 2020, it was estimated that a total of more than 1,806,590 new cancer cases and more than 606,520 cancer deaths occurred in the United States according to the National Cancer Institute. Amongst these, a total of almost 50,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer (3.2% of new cancer cases) were estimated, which resulted in more than 40,000 deaths (8.2% of cancer deaths). This means only 20% survival rate of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a generic term that can be used for any cancer involving the ovaries, arising from one of the several different cell types of ovaries, including germ cells, specialized gonadal stromal cells and epithelial cells. Epithelial ovarian cancer accounts for approximately 90% of ovarian cancers and is responsible for most ovarian cancer related deaths. Furthermore, several subtypes of ovarian cancer have been described according to different risk factors, different genetic mutations, different biological behaviors and different prognoses. This heterogeneity of the disease has impeded progress in the prevention, early detection, treatment and management of ovarian cancer.

In 2020, ovarian cancer is the eighth most diagnosed cancer among women in the world and accounts for an estimated 313,959 new cases and 207,252 deaths worldwide (World Cancer Research Fund International)., In the USA, 19,880 new cases (2015 – 2019) and 12,810 related deaths (2016 – 2020) are estimated to occur (National Cancer Institute). The disease typically presents at late stage when the five-year relative survival rate is only 29%. Few cases (15%) are diagnosed with localized tumor (stage 1), when the five-year survival rate is 92%. Strikingly, the overall five-year relative survival rate generally ranges between 30% to 40% across the globe and has seen only very modest increases since 1995.

Current Therapies

We are developing a therapeutic solution for the treatment of patients with advanced stages of cancer targeting solid tumors, which is cancer that originates in organs or tissues other than bone marrow or the lymph system. Common cancer types classified as solid tumors include lung, colorectal, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancers. In each of these indications, there is a large market opportunity to capitalize on the limitations of current therapies.

Current therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer offer, at most, a few months of extra life or tumor stabilization. Some experts believe that drugs that kill most tumor cells do not affect cancer stem cells, which can regenerate the tumor (e.g., chemotherapy). Studies are revealing the genetic changes in cells that cause cancer and spur its growth. This research is providing scientific researchers with many potential targets for drugs. Tumor cells, however, can develop resistance to drugs.

Limitations of Current Therapies

PRP was developed because of the limitation of current cancer therapies. While surgery is often safe and effective for early-stage cancer, many standard therapies for late-stage cancer urgently need improvement; current treatments generally provide modest benefits, and frequently cause significant adverse effects. Our focus is to provide oncologists and their patients with therapies for metastatic cancer which are more effective than current therapies, and which have a substantially reduced side effect profile.

While progress has been made within the oncology sector in developing new treatments, the overall cancer death rate has only improved by fifteen percent over the last 30 years. This is attributed to a reduction in smoking and an increase in 5-year survival rates for cancers.

Most of these new treatments have some limitations, such as:

We believe that our treatment will provide a competitive advantage over the following treatments:

PRP Development Strategy

Our goal is to foster early-stage clinical development of PRP to bring it to a significant value inflection point, where the commercial attractiveness of the drug in development, together with a greater likelihood of achieving market authorization, may attract potential interest from licensees seeking to acquire new products. Such value inflection points in the context of cancer drugs are typically at the point where formal, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated either “efficacy” or “proof of concept” – typically meaning that there is controlled clinical trial evidence that the drug is effective in the proposed target patient population, has an acceptable safety profile, and is suitable for further development. It is our intention to progress the development of our technology through the completion of our planned Phase IIa clinical trials and then to seek a licensee for further development beyond that point.

As part of that commercial strategy, we intend to:

PRP Development Plan and Milestones

We plan to progress PRP using a conventional early-stage clinical development pathway, which entails:

Preclinical development of PRP has been completed, including pharmacology and safety toxicology studies, process development activities and bioanalytical method development. The full-scale good manufacturing practice (“GMP”) finished product manufacture of PRP will be completed in preparation for the FIH Phase Ib study. Validation of the bioanalytical method will also be completed prior to lodging our first CTA, which we plan to undertake at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia’s largest cancer hospital. We are collaborating with CROs, manufacturing partners and consultants to complete activities prior to preparing the CTA for the Phase Ib study.

We have received expressions of interest to evaluate proenzyme therapy as a method to prevent recurrence and metastasis of solid tumors in pancreatic and ovarian cancers. The letters of interest were confirmed by medical oncologists specializing in pancreatic and ovarian cancers, from the University Hospital of Jaén, in Granada, Spain. We believe that the evaluation will most likely be conducted as separate Phase IIa proof of concept, multi-trial center studies for each target indication. The expressions of interest were confirmed after their evaluation of our scientific literature supporting the use of proenzymes in pancreatic and ovarian cancers. The Phase Iia proof of concept studies will be conducted after the Phase Ib dose escalation study investigating the tolerability and activity of proenzyme therapy in patients with advanced solid tumors is completed at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.

In Australia, we receive an up to 43.5% “cash-back” benefit in the form of a refund of our qualified research and, development costs and expenses. We received a refund of $192,872 AUD ($129,841)  and $75,800 AUD ($54,977 USD) for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We are continuing to evaluate all options to conduct our planned clinical trials in the most cost-efficient manner, while striving to minimize dilution to our stockholders.

We anticipate reaching the Phase Iia proof of concept milestone in approximately three to four years, subject to regulatory approval in US, Europe and Australia, and the results from our R&D and licensing activities.

Our overhead and expenses are likely to increase from its current level as PRP progresses down the development pathway. This increase will be driven by the need to increase our internal resources in order to effectively manage our research and development activities.

Anticipated timeline

In fourth calendar quarter of 2023, we anticipate the submission of the CTA for PRP. We anticipate receiving approval of the CTA in the second half of the 2023 calendar year. Following the CTA, we plan to commence our study preparation process, including CRO Selection and Contracts, Analytical Lab Selection Contracts and Trial Sites Selection and Contracts. In connection with the CTA, this product will be part of our Investigation Medicinal Product Dossier, study protocol and Investigator’s Brochure. In the second half of the 2023 calendar year, we hope to complete the study preparation process together with the Preparation of Logistics and Trial Sites Initiation Visits and complete our CTA review. Commencing in the first half of the 2024 calendar year, we intend to initiate a Phase Ib study in advanced cancer patients with solid tumors and we anticipate costs to be approximately $6.5 million. We will need to raise additional financing to fund our planned Phase I, II and III clinical trials and for working capital.

Pop1 Joint Research And Drug Discovery Program

The POP1 Program has been established with our collaborators at the universities of Jaén and Granada to investigate the changes in genetic and protein expression that occur in cancer cells as a consequence of being exposed to our proenzyme formulation. The objective of this work is to understand at the molecular level the targets of our proenzyme formulation, thereby providing the opportunity for new, patentable drugs which can be developed further. We plan to commence a targeted drug discovery program utilizing the identified molecular target to search for novel anticancer agents.

The POP1 Program has produced synthetic recombinant versions of the two proenzymes, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Our joint scientific researchers are developing a novel expression system and are also in the process of optimizing conditions to achieve high titers of recombinant trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Further, the anticancer effects of the synthetic versions will be tested against the naturally derived proenzymes from bovine origin.

Financial Objectives

Multiple factors, many of which are outside of our control, can impact our ability to achieve our target objectives within the planned time and budgetary constraints. Subject to these caveats, our objective is to complete our planned Phase IIa study for PRP within the proposed timeline.

We primarily outsource services, skills and expertise to third parties as required to achieve our scientific and corporate objectives. As the business grows and gains more personnel, outsourcing will continue to be the preferred model, where fixed and variable costs are carefully managed on a project-by-project basis. This means our R&D activities are carried out by third parties. Additional third parties with specific expertise in research, compound screening and manufacturing (including raw material suppliers) have been contracted as required.

Corporate Strategy

Our initial focus is to organize, coordinate and finance the various parts of our drug development pipeline. We intend to carefully introduce new personnel into our Company over time as our R&D activities expand. We plan for such personnel to have specific expertise in product development, manufacture and formulation, regulatory affairs, toxicology, clinical operations and business development (including intellectual property management, licensing and other corporate activities). Additional clinical management and development expertise will likely be required at the outset to assist with the development of PRP. Therefore, we anticipate hiring additional employees in order to effectively manage our contractors as our development activities progress.

This outsourcing strategy is common in the biotechnology sector and is an efficient way to obtain access to the necessary skills required to progress a project, in particular as the required skills change as the project progresses from discovery, through manufacturing and non-clinical development and into clinical trials. We anticipate that we will continue to use this model, thereby retaining the flexibility to contract in the appropriate resource as and when required.

We intend to seek and identify potential licensing partners for our product candidates as they progress through the various development stages, reaching certain milestones and value inflection points. If a suitable licensee is identified, a potential licensing deal could consist of payments for certain milestones, plus royalties from future sales if the product is able to receive approval from the relevant regulatory authorities where future product sales are targeted. We intend to seek and identify potential licensees based on the initial efficacy data from Phase II clinical trials. To accomplish this objective, we have commenced discussions with potential partners in our current preclinical phase of development.

As part of our overall expansion strategy, from time to time, we investigate potential intellectual property acquisition opportunities to expand our product portfolio. While our initial focus is on the development of PRP as our lead product candidate, other potential product candidates may also be considered for future preclinical and clinical development. These potential opportunities have arisen from other research and development organizations, which either own existing intellectual property or are currently developing new intellectual property, which may be of interest to us. These opportunities are possible new cancer treatments that are potentially less toxic than existing treatment approaches and are able to fill an existing gap in the treatment process, such as a systemic de-bulking method which could reduce the size and threat of metastases to a more manageable level for late-stage cancer patients.

We believe these potential treatment approaches will be complementary to existing treatment regimens and PRP. No formal approaches regarding such other products have currently been made and it is unknown whether we will engage in any such discussion in the near future. However, as we further develop PRP within the development pathway, we intend to assess future opportunities that may arise to use the expertise of our management and scientific personnel for future prospective R&D projects.

Current Operations

We are at a pre-revenue stage. We do not know when, if ever, we will be able to commercialize any of our products and to begin to generate revenue. We are focusing our efforts on organizing, coordinating and financing the various aspects of our drug R&D program described herein. In order to commercialize any of our products, we must complete preclinical development, Phase Ib, IIa and IIb clinical trials in Europe, the U.S., UK, Australia or elsewhere, and satisfy the applicable regulatory authority that PRP is safe and effective. If the results from Phase II trials are convincing, we will seek conditional approval from the applicable regulatory authorities sooner. From the time we commence clinical trials for any product, we estimate it will take approximately three to four years if we seek conditional approval upon completion of Phase II trials. When we advance our development projects sufficiently down the development pathway and achieve a major increase in value, such as obtaining interim efficacy data from Phase II clinical trials, we will seek a suitable licensing partner to complete the remaining development activities, obtain regulatory approval and market the product.

Market Opportunity

The global metastatic cancer treatment market is predicted to reach $111 billion by 2027, according to a January 2022 report by Emergen Research. Demand for new cancer products can largely be attributed to a combination of a rapidly aging population in western countries and changing environmental factors, which together are resulting in rising cancer incidence rates. Worldwide, the World Health Organization estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10 million cancer deaths occurred in 2020. As such, global demand for new cancer treatments which are effective, safe and easy to administer is rapidly increasing. Our treatment will potentially target many aggressive tumor types for which little or few treatment options exist.

We plan to target patients with solid tumors, most likely pancreatic and ovarian tumors, for whom other treatment options have been exhausted. Globally these cancers resulted in over 673,255 deaths combined in 2020, according to the World Health Organization. With such a high mortality rate, a substantial unmet medical need exists for new treatments. Once the efficacy and safety of PRP has been demonstrated in late-stage patient populations, we plan to undertake exploration of the utility of the drug in earlier stage disease, together with investigation of the drug’s utility in other types of cancer.

Anticipated Market Potential

It is difficult to estimate the size of the market opportunity for this specific type of product as a clinically proven, pro-enzyme formulated suppository marketed to oncologists across global territories for specific cancer indications, to the best of management’s knowledge, has not been previously available. However, the markets for potential market for pancreatic and ovarian cancers may be characterized as follows:

New products can be defined as addition-in-class, advance-in-class, or first-in-class, depending on their degree of innovation. Addition-in-class products, defined as new APIs with established mechanisms of action, are often clinically important and highly commercially successful. Advance-in-class product innovation, defined as significantly differentiated and innovative new APIs, albeit with established mechanisms of action, remains a highly attractive strategy. However, first-in-class innovation, defined as products with a molecular target and/or mechanism of action not found in any approved products globally, remains the key product development strategy in terms of providing the greatest degree of differentiation, extending to a first-mover advantage and potentially the capture of significant market share.

Based on the current situation for these two markets, we believe there is an attractive opportunity in both the pancreatic and ovarian cancer market sectors for the introduction of PRP as a first-in-class, clinically proven product which can achieve new benefits for patients in terms of survival and quality of life. The current concentration of products suggests oncologists may be willing to try newly approved products, particularly if they can exhibit a favorable safety profile, although substantive R&D activities will be necessary to both obtain regulatory approval, and to generate the clinical safety and efficacy data needed to convince clinicians to use a new product.

License Agreements

University of Bath Commercialization Agreement

We previously sponsored a collaborative research project at the University of Bath to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential clinical approach of our proprietary proenzyme formulation. As a result of this undertaking, we entered into a Commercialization Agreement with the University of Bath, dated November 12, 2009 (the “Commercialization Agreement”), where, initially, we held an exclusive license with the University of Bath, and where we and University of Bath co-owned the intellectual property relating to our proenzyme formulations. The Commercialization Agreement originally provided for University of Bath to assign the Patents (as defined therein) to Propanc in certain specified circumstances, such as successful completion of a clinical trial and commencement of a Phase II (proof of concept) clinical trial.

On June 14, 2012, we and the University of Bath agreed to an earlier assignment to us of the patents pursuant to an Assignment and Amendment Deed, on the provision that the University of Bath retains certain rights arising from the Commercialization Agreement, as follows:

In consideration of such assignment, we agreed to pay royalties of two percent of net revenues to the University of Bath. Additionally, we agreed to pay five percent of each and every license agreement subscribed for. The contract is cancellable at any time by either party. To date, no amounts are owed under the agreement.

University of Jaén Collaboration Agreement

We have established a collaboration with the University of Jaén to carry out a research project aimed at the synthetic development of PRP and its subsequent validation. The University of Jaén is providing scientific research activities the Department of Health Sciences, which provides the necessary technical and human resources in order to carry out the programmed works. A Collaboration Agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”), dated October 1, 2020, was entered into with the main objective for the synthetic development of PRP and its subsequent validation. Pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement, a pre-clinical protocol of safety evaluation was established relating to the antitumor efficacy on cancer stem cells and in orthotopic xenotransplantations derived from cancer stem cells isolated from tumor cell lines, and newly developed synthetic formulation based on the two pancreatic zymogens.

The ownership of potential intellectual property rights that may arise as a result of the knowledge obtained through such research project will belong to us. In consideration for payment of the compensation, the University of Jaén assigned and agreed to do all things reasonably required to assign to the contracting entity all industrial property rights arising from such research project.

In return for ownership of the industrial property rights arising from such research project, we agreed to pay the University of Jaén two percent of the net sales of any products sold by the contracting entity which fall within the scope of the protection of such industrial property rights.

A second collaborative research project commenced on July 27, 2022, with the universities of Jaén and Granada investigating the effect of pancreatic proenzymes against the tumor microenvironment and premetastatic niche. The specific tasks developed under this collaboration focuses on the effects of PRP on cancer associated fibroblasts within the tumor microenvironment. Consistent with existing rights, Propanc will own any intellectual property developed. The personnel of the investigation team of the universities of Jaén and Granada whose work has contributed to the creation of knowledge that give rise to industrial property rights should be listed as inventors. Further, Professor Macarena Perán from the University of Jaén and Professor Marchal from the University of Granada will receive one percent of the net revenue to us from sales of any products sold by us, or on our behalf, which fall within the scope of protection of such industrial property rights. The commencement date for the experiments was September 1, 2022, and the estimated length of time for completion is 24 months.

Future Agreements

We continue to learn the properties of proenzymes with the long-term aim of screening new compounds for development. We anticipate engaging in future discussions with several technology companies who are progressing new developments in the oncology field as potential additions to our product line. Initially targeting the oncology sector, our focus is to identify and develop novel treatments that are highly effective targeted therapies, with few side effects as a result of toxicity to healthy cells.

Intellectual Property

The Company has filed multiple patent applications relating to PRP. The Company’s lead patent application has been granted and remains in force in the U.S., Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Turkey, the UK, Australia, China, Japan, Indonesia, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, South Africa, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, India, Brazil and Canada.

In 2016 and early 2017, we filed three applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (the “PCT”). The PCT assists applicants in seeking patent protection by filing one international patent application under the PCT; thus, applicants can simultaneously seek protection for an invention in over 150 countries. Once filed, the application is placed under the control of the national or regional patent offices, as applicable, in what is called the national phase. One of the PCT applications filed in November 2016 entered national phase in July 2018 and another PCT application entered national phase in August 2018. A third PCT application entered national phase in October 2018.

As of September 27, 2023, we have 62 granted, allowed, or accepted patents and 14 patent applications filed, or under examination in key global jurisdictions, relating to the use of proenzymes against solid tumors, covering PRP.

Further patent applications are expected to be filed to capture and protect additional patentable subject matter based on the Company’s field of technology relating to pharmaceutical compositions of proenzymes for treating cancer.

Regulatory Matters

United States

Government oversight of the pharmaceutical industry is usually classified into pre-approval and post-approval categories. Most of the therapeutically significant innovative products marketed today are the subject of New Drug Applications (“NDA”). Preapproval activities, based on these detailed applications, are used to assure the product is safe and effective before marketing. In the United States, The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (“CDER”), is the FDA organization responsible for over-the-counter and prescription drugs, including most biological therapeutics, and generic drugs.

Before approval, the FDA may inspect and audit the development facilities, planned production facilities, clinical trials, institutional review boards and laboratory facilities in which the product was tested in animals. After the product is approved and marketed, the FDA uses different mechanisms for assuring that firms adhere to the terms and conditions of approval described in the application and that the product is manufactured in a consistent and controlled manner. This is done by periodic unannounced inspections of production and quality control facilities by FDA’s field investigators and analysts.

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and Public Health Service Act

Prescription drug and biologic products are subject to extensive pre- and post-market regulation by the FDA, including regulations that govern the testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labelling, storage, record keeping, advertising and promotion of such products under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Public Health Service Act, and their implementing regulations. The process of obtaining FDA approval and achieving and maintaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may result in refusal to approve pending applications, a clinical hold, warning letters, civil or criminal penalties, recall or seizure of products, partial or total suspension of production or withdrawal of the product from the market. FDA approval is required before any new drug or biologic, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the United States. All applications for FDA approval must contain, among other things, information relating to safety and efficacy, stability, manufacturing, processing, packaging, labelling and quality control.

New Drug Applications (“NDAs”)

The FDA’s NDA approval process generally involves:

The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot guarantee that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of toxicity and immunogenicity in animals. The results of preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted as part of an IND application to the FDA. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the clinical trial, including concerns that human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials can begin. Our submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence clinical trials. A separate submission to an existing IND must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development. Further, an independent institutional review board (“IRB”) covering each medical center proposing to conduct clinical trials must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that center and it must monitor the study until completed. The FDA, the IRB or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Clinical testing also must satisfy extensive “good clinical practice” (“GCP”) regulations, which include requirements that all research subjects provide informed consent and that all clinical studies be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators.

For purposes of an NDA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap:

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical studies must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events. Concurrent with clinical studies, sponsors usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the product and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with CGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Moreover, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

The results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, along with the aforementioned manufacturing information, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA. NDAs must also contain extensive manufacturing information. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, the FDA agrees to specific goals for NDA review time through a two-tiered classification system, Standard Review and Priority Review. Standard Review is applied to products that offer at most, only minor improvement over existing marketed therapies. Standard Review NDAs have a goal of being completed within a ten-month timeframe, although a review can take significantly longer. A Priority Review designation is given to products that offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. A Priority Review takes the FDA six months to review an NDA. It is likely that our product candidates will be granted Standard Reviews. The review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. The FDA may refer the application to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations.

The FDA may deny approval of an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, or it may require additional clinical data or additional pivotal Phase III clinical trials. Even if such data is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data from clinical trials is not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we do. Once issued, product approval may be withdrawn by the FDA if ongoing regulatory requirements are not met or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require testing, including Phase IV clinical trials, risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products that have been commercialized, and the FDA has the power to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Products may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. Further, if there are any modifications to the drug, including changes in indications, labelling or manufacturing processes or facilities, approval of a new or supplemental NDA may be required, which may involve conducting additional preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Other U.S. Regulatory Requirements

After approval, products are subject to extensive continuing regulation by the FDA, which include company obligations to manufacture products in accordance with GMP, maintain and provide to the FDA updated safety and efficacy information, report adverse experiences with the product, keep certain records, submit periodic reports, obtain FDA approval of certain manufacturing or labeling changes and comply with FDA promotion and advertising requirements and restrictions. Failure to meet these obligations can result in various adverse consequences, both voluntary and FDA-imposed, including product recalls, withdrawal of approval, restrictions on marketing and the imposition of civil fines and criminal penalties. In addition, later discovery of previously unknown safety or efficacy issues may result in restrictions on the product, manufacturer or NDA holder.

Propanc, and any manufacturers of our products, are required to comply with applicable FDA manufacturing requirements contained in the FDA’s GMP regulations. GMP regulations require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. The manufacturing facilities for our products must meet GMP requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA pursuant to a pre-approval inspection before Propanc can use them to manufacture products. Propanc and any third-party manufacturers are also subject to periodic inspections of facilities by the FDA and other authorities, including procedures and operations used in the testing and manufacture of our products to assess our compliance with applicable regulations.

With respect to post-market product advertising and promotion, the FDA imposes complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceuticals, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the Internet. Failure to comply with FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, enforcement letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors and civil or criminal penalties. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.

Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing an NDA.

Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports is required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-marketing testing, known as Phase IV testing, risk mitigation strategies and surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product or to place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product.

In June 2017, we were notified by the FDA that PRP had been granted orphan drug designation for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Orphan drug designation may be granted by the FDA when a rare disease or condition is implicated and a potential treatment qualifies under the Orphan Drug Act and applicable FDA regulations. This qualifies us for various developmental incentives, including protocol assistance, the potential for research grants, the waiver of future application fees, and tax credits for clinical testing if we choose to host future clinical trials in the United States.

In October 2017, we submitted a request for a second orphan drug designation for PRP, this time for ovarian cancer.

On November 2, 2017, we were notified by the FDA that our request was not granted. The Office of Orphan Products Development (“OOPD”) stated that complete prevalence is used as a measure of disease in ovarian cancer, as this reflects the number of women who have been diagnosed with disease and may be eligible for treatment with the proposed therapy. Therefore, on the date of the submission of our application, the OOPD estimated that the prevalence of ovarian cancer was 228,110 cases. Since the prevalence exceeds the threshold of 200,000 to qualify for orphan drug designation, they could not grant our request. We may consider resubmitting our application if we can identify a suitable sub-population in ovarian cancer, which may meet the target threshold.

European Union

In addition to regulations in the United States, we will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials, commercial sales and distribution of our products if we conduct trials for, and market and sell our products, abroad. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or market our product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may differ than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. Despite these differences, the clinical trials will be conducted according to international standards, such as GCP, GMP and GLP, which is recognized by each foreign country under the International Conference of Harmonization Guidelines. We plan to conduct our trials in each foreign jurisdiction according to these standards, undertaking a FIH Phase Ib study in patients with advanced solid tumors, evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and anti-tumor efficacy of PRP. This will be followed by two Phase II studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of PRP. To ensure harmonization between the jurisdictions, we intend to conduct regulatory meetings in the country in which trials are conducted, as well as with the FDA and the EMA. A pre-IND meeting will be held with the FDA once initial patient data has been collected from the FIH study to ensure acceptability of future planned Phase II trials.

Under European Union regulatory systems, we must submit and obtain authorization for a CTA in each member state in which we intend to conduct a clinical trial. After we have completed clinical trials, we must obtain marketing authorization before we can market its product. We must submit applications for marketing authorizations for oncology products under a centralized procedure. The centralized procedure provides for the grant of a single marketing authorization that is valid for all European Union member states. The EMA is the agency responsible for the scientific evaluation of medicines that are to be assessed via the centralized procedure.

On June 23, 2016, the UK government held a referendum to gauge voters’ support to remain or leave the European Union. The referendum resulted in 51.9% of UK voters in favor of leaving the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit.” On March 29, 2017, the UK invoked Article 50 of Lisbon Treaty to initiate complete withdrawal from the European Union, which was effectuated on January 31, 2020. The center for the EMA was based in London, but the European Union has relocated the center to The Netherlands.

Australia

In Australia, the relevant regulatory body responsible for the pharmaceutical industry is the Therapeutics Goods Administration (the “TGA”). Prescription medicines are regulated under the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989. Under the Therapeutic Goods Act, the TGA evaluates new products for quality, safety and efficacy before being approved for market authorization, according to similar standards employed by the FDA and EMA in the United States and European Union, respectively. However, receiving market authorization in one or two regions does not guarantee approval in another.

Third-Party Payor Coverage and Reimbursement

Although none of our product candidates has been commercialized for any indication, if they are approved for marketing, commercial success of our product candidates will depend, in part, upon the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors at the federal, state and private levels. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, a drug must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country.

Eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost drugs and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies.

In many countries outside the United States, a drug must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that country. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one foreign regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any foreign market.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drug products vary widely from country to country. In the United States, recently passed legislation may significantly change the approval requirements in ways that could involve additional costs and cause delays in obtaining approvals. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted.

Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products.

Other Regulations

We are also subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws relating to such matters as safe working conditions, manufacturing practices, environmental protection, fire hazard control, and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations now or in the future.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by continuing technological advancement and significant competition. While we believe that our technology platforms, product candidates, know-how, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face competition from major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions, among others. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. Key product features that would affect our ability to effectively compete with other therapeutics include the efficacy, safety and convenience of our products. The level of generic competition and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payers will also significantly impact the pricing and competitiveness of our products. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in R&D, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

Employees

As of September 27, 2023, we have one full-time and one part-time employee. In addition to our employees, we engage key consultants and utilize the services of independent contractors to perform various services on our behalf. Some of our executive officers and directors are engaged in outside business activities that we do not believe conflict with our business. Over time, we may be required to hire additional employees or engage independent contractors to execute various projects that are necessary to grow and develop our business. These decisions will be made by our officers and directors, if and when appropriate.

Corporate Information

Propanc is based in Camberwell, Victoria, Australia. Since its inception, substantially all of the operations of the Company have been focused on the development of new cancer treatments targeting high-risk patients, particularly cancer survivors, who need a follow-up, non-toxic, long-term therapy designed to prevent the cancer from returning and spreading. The Company anticipates establishing global markets for its technologies. PRP is an enhanced pro-enzyme formulation designed to enhance the anti-cancer effects of multiple enzymes acting synergistically. It is currently in the preclinical phase of development.

The Company was originally formed in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on October 15, 2007 as Propanc PTY LTD. On November 23, 2010, Propanc Health Group Corporation was incorporated in the State of Delaware, and in January 2011, to reorganize the Company, all of the outstanding shares of Propanc PTY LTD were acquired on a one-for-one basis by Propanc Health Group Corporation, with Propanc PTY LTD becoming a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

On July 22, 2016, the Company formed another wholly-owned subsidiary, Propanc (UK) Limited under the laws of England and Wales for the purpose of submitting an orphan drug application to the European Medicines Agency (the “EMA”) as a small and medium-sized enterprise. As of the date of this prospectus, there has been no activity within this entity.

Effective April 20, 2017, the Company changed its name to “Propanc Biopharma, Inc.” to reflect the Company’s stage of operations and development better.

Our principal executive office is located at 302, 6 Butler Street, Camberwell, VIC, 3124 Australia. Our telephone number is 61 03 9882 0780. Our website is www.propanc.com.

Available Information

Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other documents that we will file with or furnish to the SEC will be available free of charge by sending a written request to our Corporate Secretary at our corporate headquarters. Our filings with the SEC are available to the public through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

We maintain a corporate website at www.propanc.com. You will be able to access our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, proxy statements and other information to be filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material will be electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

We are not required to provide this information as we are a smaller reporting company.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties.

Our principal executive office is located at 302, 6 Butler Street, Camberwell, VIC, 3124 Australia, which we lease from Horizon Pty Ltd., a related party, of which Mr. Nathanielsz, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and a director, and his wife are owners and directors. On May 4, 2022, the Company entered into a three-year lease agreement with North Horizon Pty Ltd. for a monthly rent of $3,000 AUD or $2,176 USD (depending on exchange rate) per month plus taxes.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We are not currently involved in any litigation that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. There is no action, suit, or proceeding by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of our Company or our subsidiary, threatened against or affecting our Company, our Common Stock, our subsidiary or of our companies or our subsidiary’s officers or directors in their capacities as such, in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect.

IRS Liability

As part of its requirement for having a foreign operating subsidiary, the Company’s parent U.S. entity is required to file an informational Form 5471 to the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), which is a form that explains the nature of the relationship between the foreign subsidiary and the parent company. From 2012 through the 2014, the Company did not file this form in a timely manner. As a result of the non-timely filings, the Company incurred a penalty from the IRS in the amount of $10,000 per year, or $30,000 in total, plus accrued interest, such penalty and interest having been accrued and is included in the accrued expenses and other payable figure in the June 30, 2023 and 2022 consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded the penalties for all three years during the year ended June 30, 2018. The Company is current on all subsequent filings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our Common Stock is quoted under the ticker symbol “PPCB” on the OTC Pink.

On September 27, 2023, the last reported sales price per share of our Common Stock on the OTC Pink was $0.0248.

Security Holders

As of September 27, 2023 we had 79 record holders of our Common Stock.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends to our stockholders. The declaration of any future cash dividends is at the discretion of our Board and depends upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, and general economic conditions. It is our present intention not to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, but rather to reinvest earnings, if any, in our business operations.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Shares issued for services

On July 1, 2022, the Company issued 12,271 shares of Common Stock to a consultant for services rendered from April 2022 to June 2022, valued at approximately $3.70 per share or $45,403, the closing price of the Common Stock on the date of issuance to such consultant.

On October 25, 2022, the Company issued 6,111 shares of Common Stock to a consultant for services rendered in October 2022, valued on the trading price of the Common Stock on the date of such issuance at $0.90 per share, or $5,500.

On November 16, 2022, the Company issued 73,301 shares of Common Stock to a consultant for services rendered from July 2022 to November 2022, valued at approximately $0.70 per share or $51,311, the closing price of the Common Stock on the date of issuance to such consultant.

On July 10, 2023, the Company issued 608,423 shares of Common Stock to a consultant for services rendered from November 2022 to June 2023, valued at approximately $0.135 per share or $82,137, the closing price of the Common Stock on the date of issuance to such consultant.

Issuance of Shares of Common Stock upon Conversion

From July 1, 2022 through September 14, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 264,493 shares of Common Stock at an average conversion price of $1.00 per share as a result of the conversion of principal of $327,200 and accrued interest of $22,330 underlying certain outstanding convertible notes converted during such period.

From October 17, 2022 through December 27, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 380,506 shares of Common Stock at an average conversion price of $1.00 per share as a result of the conversion of principal of $158,500 and accrued interest of $7,191 underlying certain outstanding convertible notes converted during such period.

From January 5, 2023 through March 30, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,375,598 shares of Common Stock at an average conversion price of $0.20 per share as a result of the conversion of principal of $290,000 and accrued interest of $17,985 underlying certain outstanding convertible notes converted during such period.

From April 13, 2023 through June 30, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 3,847,814 shares of Common Stock at an average conversion price of $0.05 per share as a result of the conversion of principal of $159,999, accrued interest of $33,079 and conversion fees of $1,838 underlying certain outstanding convertible notes converted during such period.

From July 1, 2023 through September 18, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 4,898,307 shares of Common Stock at an average conversion price of $0.02 per share as a result of the conversion of principal of $98,954, accrued interest of $7,071 and conversion fees of $1,277 underlying certain outstanding convertible notes converted during such period.

Shares issued under the Equity Line

On July 13, 2022, the Company issued 14,337 shares of Common Stock at an average price per share of approximately $2.00, as a result of delivering a drawdown notice to an investor pursuant to an equity line of credit agreement and received gross aggregate proceeds of $24,711 from such drawdown notice.

Between April 5, 2022 and June 30, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 25,663 shares of Common Stock at an average price per share of approximately $10.00, as a result of delivering four draw down notices to the Selling Stockholder. Consequently, the Company received gross aggregate proceeds of $123,043.

Other

On November 3, 2022, the Company and an institutional investor entered into a note purchase agreement, pursuant to which the Company issued the institutional investor a 10% unsecured convertible promissory note, dated November 3, 2022, with an aggregate face value of $125,000, the principal and interest of which is convertible into shares of Common Stock following an event of default under such note. The note was issued with a $25,000 original issue discount and bears interest at a rate of 10% per annum, with $12,500 in guaranteed interest. Additionally, pursuant to the purchase agreement and the note, the Company issued to the institutional investor, for no additional consideration, an aggregate of 75,000 shares of Common Stock.

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor, which closed on July 6, 2023, pursuant to which the investor purchased a convertible promissory note from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $65,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of the investor at any time after 180 days of the note.

On July 5, 2023, the Company issued an investor, in partial consideration for the purchase of a $153,256 note issued by the Company, 15,000,000 warrants to purchase common stock immediately exercisable at an initial exercise price of $0.01 per share (subject to certain adjustments such as stock dividend, stock splits, subsequent right offering and pro-rata distribution) with an expiry date of July 5, 2026.

On July 19, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor, which closed on July 28, 2023, pursuant to which the investor purchased a convertible promissory note from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $45,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of the investor at any time after 180 days of the note.

On August 15, 2023, the Company issued to an institutional investor a 10% original issue discount promissory note in consideration for $120,000, which has a principal face amount of $132,000, matures on November 15, 2023 and accrues interest at a rate of 10% per annum, which may be increased to 18% in the event of a default.

On August 16, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor, which closed on August 16, 2023, pursuant to which the investor purchased a convertible promissory note from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $55,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of investor at any time after 180 days of the note.

On August 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor, which closed on August 23, 2023, pursuant to which the investor purchased a convertible redeemable promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of $77,500 from the Company for $72,500, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of investor at any time.

Except as otherwise noted, the securities in the transactions described above were sold in reliance on the exemption from registration provided in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act for transactions not involving any public offering. Each of the persons acquiring the foregoing securities was an accredited investor (as defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D) and confirmed the foregoing and acknowledged, in writing, that the securities must be acquired and held for investment. All certificates evidencing the shares sold bore a restrictive legend. No underwriter participated in the offer and sale of these securities, and no commission or other remuneration was paid or given directly or indirectly in connection therewith. The proceeds from these sales were used for general corporate purposes.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our business and results of operations in conjunction with the information set forth in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing under Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our discussion includes forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors. See “Forward-Looking Statements” on page 3 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As used herein, references to the “Company,” “Propanc,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to Propanc Biopharma, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, unless otherwise indicated.

U.S. Dollars are denoted herein by “USD,” “$” and “dollars”.

Overview

The Company was originally formed in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on October 15, 2007 as Propanc PTY LTD. On November 23, 2010, Propanc Health Group Corporation was incorporated in the State of Delaware and in January 2011, to reorganize our Company, we acquired all of the outstanding shares of Propanc PTY LTD on a one-for-one basis, whereby Propanc PTY LTD became our wholly-owned subsidiary. Effective April 20, 2017, we changed our name to “Propanc Biopharma, Inc.” to better reflect our current stage of operations and development.

We are a development-stage healthcare company that is currently focused on developing new cancer treatments for patients suffering from pancreatic, ovarian and colorectal cancer. Utilizing our scientific and oncology consultants, we have developed a rational, composite formulation of anti-cancer compounds, which together exert a number of effects designed to control or prevent tumors from recurring and spreading through the body. Our lead product candidate, PRP, is a variation upon our novel formulation and involves pro-enzymes, the inactive precursors of enzymes.

Recent Developments

June Purchase Agreement

On June 29, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor (the “June Investor”), which closed on July 6, 2023, pursuant to which the June Investor purchased a convertible promissory note (the “June Note”) from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $65,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of June Investor at any time after 180 days of the June Note (the “June Conversion Shares”).

The conversion price for the June Note is equal to 65% of the market price of the Common Stock, which is based on the average of the lowest three trading prices of the Common Stock for the ten trading days immediately prior to the delivery of a notice of conversion of the June Note. Pursuant to the June Note, the Company is required to maintain an initial reserve of at least 500% of the number of June Conversion Shares, subject to any increase of such reserved amount by the June Investor.

The maturity date of the June Note is June 29, 2024 and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, which may be increased to 22% in the event of a default. Between the period beginning 60 days following the date of the June Note and 180 days thereafter, the Company has the right to prepay the principal and accrued but unpaid interest due under the June Note at a 110% premium plus accrued and unpaid interest, together with any other amounts that the Company may owe the June Investor under the terms of the June Note, in accordance with its terms, which premium increases during such period, up to a maximum of 129%. For further information on such purchase agreement and June Note, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on July 12, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

July Loan Agreement

On July 5, 2023, the Company and the July Investor entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which the July Investor loaned the Company an aggregate of AU$230,000. Pursuant to the agreement, the term of such loan is three (3) years, ending on July 5, 2026, with an interest rate of 10% to be paid monthly in arrears. A portion of the proceeds of such loan were used to repay an outstanding balance of approximately $143,000 due on a convertible promissory note held by a third-party investor and which had been in default. In connection with such loan, the Company issued a common stock purchase warrant to the July Investor immediately exercisable for up to an aggregate of 15,000,000 shares of Common Stock, at an initial exercise price of $0.01 per share. For further information on such letter agreement and warrant, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on July 12, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

July Purchase Agreement

On July 19, 2023, the Company entered into an additional securities purchase agreement with the June Investor, which closed on July 28, 2023, pursuant to which the June Investor purchased the July Note from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $45,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares of Common Stock at the option of June Investor at any time after 180 days of the July Note.

The conversion price for the July Note is equal to 65% of the market price of the Common Stock, which is based on the average of the lowest three trading prices of the Common Stock for the ten trading days immediately prior to the delivery of a notice of conversion of the July Note. Pursuant to the July Note, the Company is required to maintain an initial reserve of at least 500% of the number of July Conversion Shares, subject to any increase of such reserved amount by the June Investor.

The maturity date of the July Note is July 19, 2024 and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, which may be increased to 22% in the event of a default. Between the period beginning 60 days following the date of the July Note and 180 days thereafter, the Company has the right to prepay the principal and accrued but unpaid interest due under the July Note at a 110% premium plus accrued and unpaid interest, together with any other amounts that the Company may owe the June Investor under the terms of the July Note, in accordance with its terms, which premium increases during such period, up to a maximum of 129%. For further information on such purchase agreement and July Note, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on August 8, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

July Equity Line Agreement

On July 20, 2023, we entered into the Stock Purchase Agreement with the Selling Stockholder providing for an equity financing facility, pursuant to which Company has the option to request that the Selling Stockholder commit to purchase up to $5,000,000 of the Shares over a 24-month term commencing on the date on which the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the SEC. For a more detailed description of the Stock Purchase Agreement and the issuance of the Shares to the Selling Stockholder, see the section here entitled “Private Placement”.

Termination of November 2022 Equity Line Agreement

As previously disclosed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on November 14, 2022, we entered into the Coventry Purchase Agreement with Coventry Enterprises, LLC, a Delaware limited company. On July 25, 2023, we terminated the Coventry Purchase Agreement in accordance with its terms, effective immediately. For further information on such purchase agreement, see the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company with the SEC on November 14, 2022 and the exhibits filed therewith.

August 16, 2023 Purchase Agreement

On August 16, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the August Investor, which closed on August 16, 2023, pursuant to which the August Investor purchased a convertible promissory from the Company in the aggregate principal amount of $55,000, such principal and the interest thereon convertible into shares Common Stock at the option of August Investor at any time after 180 days of the issuance date of the August Note (the “Conversion Shares”).

The conversion price for the August Note is equal to 65% of the market price of the Common Stock, which is based on the average of the lowest three trading prices of the Common Stock for the ten trading days immediately prior to the delivery of a notice of conversion of the August Note. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such conversions are subject to a 4.99% beneficial ownership limitation and adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends or rights offerings, mergers, consolidations, reorganizations and similar events set forth in the August Note. Pursuant to the August Note, the Company is required to maintain an initial reserve of at least 500% of the number of Conversion Shares, subject to any increase or decrease of such reserved amount to reflect the Company’s obligations under the August Note.

The maturity date of the August Note is August 16, 2024 and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, which may be increased to 22% in the event of a default. During the first 60 days following the date of the August Note, the Company has the right to prepay the principal and accrued but unpaid interest due under the August Note, together with any other amounts that the Company may owe the August Investor under the terms of the August Note, at a 110% premium of the face amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and any other amounts owed to the August Investor, which increases to (i) 115% if prepaid after 60 days, but less than 91 days from the issuance date, (ii) 120% if prepaid after 90 days, but less than 121 days from the issuance date, (iii) 125% if prepaid after 120 days, but less than 151 days from the issuance date, and (iv) 129% if prepaid after 150 days, but less than 181 days from the issuance date. After this initial 180-day period, the Company does not have a right to prepay the August Note. For further information on such purchase agreement and July Note, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on August 21, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

August Promissory Note

On August 15, 2023, the Company issued to an institutional investor (the “August Lender”) a 10% original issue discount promissory note (the “Promissory Note”) in consideration for $120,000, which has a principal face amount of $132,000, matures on November 15, 2023 and accrues interest at a rate of 10% per annum, which may be increased to 18% in the event of a default. The Company has the right to prepay the principal and accrued but unpaid interest due under the Promissory Note, together with any other amounts that the Company may owe the August Lender under the terms of the Promissory Note, on or before September 14, 2023 at a 110% premium of the face amount plus accrued and unpaid interest and any other amounts owed to the August Lender, which increases to (i) 120% if prepaid after such date, but on or before October 14, 2023, and (ii) 130% if prepaid after October 14, 2023, unless the Company and the Lender agree to otherwise effect repayment. For further information on such purchase agreement and July Note, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on August 21, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

August 23, 2023 Purchase Agreement

On August 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an investor (the “Investor”), which closed on August 23, 2023, pursuant to which the Investor purchased a convertible redeemable promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of $77,500 (the “Note”) from the Company for $72,500. The principal and the interest thereon is convertible into shares Common Stock at the option of Investor at any time (the “Conversion Shares”).

The initial conversion price for the Note is equal to $0.04 per share (the “Fixed Price”), provided that the Fixed Price will be reduced to $0.02 per share in the event that the market price of the Common Stock trades below $0.03 per share for five consecutive trading days. In the event of a default under the Note and unless the Fixed Price is lower, such conversion price will equal the lowest trading price of the Common Stock for the ten trading days immediately preceding such default, which price is subject to re-adjustment every thirty calendar days during the period in which the Company remains in default. Pursuant to the Note, in the event that such conversion price is below the par value of the Common Stock, the Company has agreed to take all steps to reduce such par value or conduct a reverse split of its Common Stock, as applicable. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such conversion price and lookback periods are subject to adjustment in favor of the Investor in the event the Company issues securities to another party with more favorable conversion terms, and such conversions are subject to a 4.99% beneficial ownership limitation (which may be increased to 9.9% upon 60 days’ prior written notice from the holder of the Note) and adjustments for mergers, consolidations, reorganizations and similar events set forth in the Note, other than a transfer or sale of all or substantially all Company assets. Pursuant to the Note, the Company is required to maintain an initial reserve of at least 400% of the number of Conversion Shares, subject to any increase of such reserved amount to reflect the Company’s obligations under the Note.

In addition, pursuant to the Note, in the event of a transfer or sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, or certain merger, consolidation, reorganization and similar events described in the Note, the Company will be required to, upon the Investor’s request, (i) redeem the Note in cash for 150% of the principal and accrued but unpaid interest thereon through such redemption date or (ii) convert the unpaid principal and accrued but unpaid interest into shares of Common Stock immediately prior to such event at the conversion price then in effect.

The maturity date of the Note is February 23, 2024 and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, which may be increased to 24% in the event of a default. Interest on such Note is payable only in Common Stock in accordance with the terms of conversion in the Note. During the first 60 days following the date of the Note, the Company has the right to prepay the principal and accrued but unpaid interest due under the Note, at a 110% premium of the face amount plus accrued and unpaid interest, which increases to (i) 120% if prepaid after 60 days, but less than 121 days from the issuance date and (ii) 125% if prepaid after 120 days, but less than 181 days from the issuance date. After this initial 180-day period, the Company does not have a right to prepay the Note. For further information on such purchase agreement and July Note, see the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the SEC on August 29, 2023 and the exhibits filed therewith.

Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report. The results discussed below are of the Company and its wholly-owned Australian subsidiary, Propanc PTY LTD.

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023, as compared to the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022

Revenue

For the fiscal years 2023 and 2022 we generated no revenue because we are currently undertaking research and development activities for market approval and no sales were generated in this period.

Administration Expenses

Administration expenses decreased to $1,499,885 for the year ended June 30, 2023, as compared to $1,706,452 for the year ended June 30, 2022. This decrease of approximately $207,000 is primarily attributable to a decrease of approximately $231,000 in stock-based expenses, a decrease in general consulting, legal and investor relation fees of approximately $91,000 offset by increases in accounting fees of approximately $15,000, employee remuneration expense of approximately $89,000, marketing expense of $7,000 and other general and administrative expenses of approximately $4,000.

Occupancy Expense